Injongo yeli nqaku ingaba yaziswe engundoqo, neendlela zokusebenza, umthetho ezikhokelela amazwe ezifana England, e-USA, France kwaye Sasejamani entsimini ka-ukuhlawulwa kwendlela umonakalo
Umthetho langaphandle amazwe kuqoqoqsho oku uhlobo ngokwasemalini, njengoko kwendlela umonakalo yayo, imbuyekezo, ikakhulu kuyo tort amatyala.
Amava amazwe apho ezicingelwa, accumulated otyebileyo amanqaku ka-ukusetyenziswa le isemthethweni iziko. Kwi-Germany, imbuyekezo yabasebenzi kwendlela umonakalo ilawulwa yi-norms ka-isijamani Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi (mat, u), apho sisebenzisa uthetha malunga 'ezizizo' umonakalo kwaye olukhawulezileyo lwemali ukuhlawulwa enjalo umonakalo. Kwimfundiso kwaye jurisprudence kusetyenziswa igama elithi 'imbuyekezo kuba esiva' (okanye kwenzakala injured ukuba nemvakalelo'). Ngqo i-norms ka-isijamani Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi envisage malunga nenkqubo yolawulo olumanyanisiweyo imfuza ezinjalo imbuyekezo yabasebenzi kwi-iimeko bodily harms, infliction kwezinye kwenzakala ukuba impilo, mthethweni kwemida yomthetho victim ke inkululeko. Phantsi kwembandezelo kufuneka baqonde yesitalato kwaye heartfelt kwembandezelo (experiencing), kwaye phantsi non-ipropati kwenzakala - ukuphumela ezakwa-ipropati amalungelo kunye nomnye nonmaterial amaxabiso ukuba belong ukuba personality.
Inkundla senzo, kwi ezisisiseko lomgaqo-siseko fixing amalungelo i-personality kwaye zabo immunity, omiselwe ezinye iintlobo violations eziyinto qho ngonyaka kuba kokuhluma ka-iimfanelo kuba imbuyekezo yabasebenzi kwendlela kwenzakala: ukwaphulwa komthetho ukugcina iimfihlo ka-ngokwembalelwano kwaye iingxelo a ziyimfihlo indalo, la manyathelo okungenelela yangasese ubomi umntu ngenxa unauthorized photographing, yaziswe ka-i data kwi private ubomi kunye nomnye.
I-French zasekuhlaleni ikhowudi iqulathe i-inqaku (Art.) apho ngqo inika umyalelo wokhuselo lwesiqu non-ipropati amalungelo. Nangona kunjalo nkqu phambi zokungeniswa, inkundla isicelo eso senzo eso indlela umyalelo wokhuselo njengoko imbuyekezo yabasebenzi kwendlela ngokwasemalini, kwi isiseko jikelele imigaqo kwi tort iimfanelo (Art.). Kubalulekile wachaza nge yokuba igama elithi 'kwenzakala' ekhankanywe umthetho njengoko jikelele udidi, kwaye yayo differentiation kwi ipropati okanye non-ipropati kwenzakala njengoko isiseko uxanduva akayi kuba bamthwala baphuma baya kuba phantsi ukuba imbuyekezo nawuphi na umonakalo. Ngokubanzi indlela isetyenziswe yi ukuba iimfanelo kwi imbuyekezo yabasebenzi impahla kwaye non-ipropati kwenzakala kwezinye iimeko, inkundla isigqibo malunga ibango ka-ukuhlawulwa umonakalo akusebenzi nkqu abonisa ngokucacileyo inxenye olukhawulezileyo lwemali, isixa-mali yi-awarded ukuba reimburse lendlu kwaye apho - lungiselela kwendlela umonakalo. Kwi-low ka-England ne-USA zininzi variants ka-determination a notion eziyinto efanayo ukuba notion a kwendlela umonakalo: psychological injury, psychiatric injury, nervous shock, nokuqheleka chock. Ezona ngokufanayo kuyo umthetho England ne-USA kwaye approximate ukuya notion ka-kwendlela kwenzakala ingaba igama 'mental kwenzakala'. Anglo-i-american ilungelo okokuqala differentiates injongo imbuyekezo yabasebenzi mental kwenzakala: compensatory - kwimeko elula carelessness yayo ebangela kwaye kulungile - kwimeko intentional okanye ekunene carelessness ebangela loo kwenzakala. Lokuqala kunjalo, delinquent sinoxanduva kuphela kuba yesitalato iintlupheko eziya a ngenxa mental iintlupheko, ngomnyaka wesibini - njengoko kuba na psychic (mental) iintlupheko, kwaye yesitalato. Imiqathango yomthetho ezivelayo i amatyala ka-imbuyekezo yabasebenzi i-non-ipropati (kwendlela, mental) umonakalo kuwo onke amazwe ingaba mimiselo, eziya phantse efanayo kwabo, apho kumiselwe imbuyekezo yabasebenzi impahla umonakalo. Ezinjalo iimfanelo phakama kwi-tort isemthethweni budlelwane, kwaye njengoko i-okukodwa, unako phakama kwi-contractual. Uninzi rhoqo ngabo isetyenziswe kwimeko intentional injury kwaye abo iintlobo contractual ubudlelwane phakathi apho olwaphulo yi-indalo iya uninzi kusenokwenzeka sizathu kanjalo mental ilahleko, ngoko ke xa enjalo ngenxa contractual breach njengokuba zikhona kwendlela umonakalo, predictable. Ingxaki of isixa-mali uxanduva ezinjalo zenza umonakalo iselwa kunzima bethu imihla. Kuwo nawuphi na amazwe akukho omnye legislated inqaku lencwadi okanye yenziwe yi senzo wenkundla, methodology kuba isigqibo isixa-mali immaterial (mental) umonakalo kwaye isixa-mali sanele imbuyekezo. NETSCH) ukuhlawulwa kwembandezelo kufuneka elifanelekileyo, thatha ingqalelo jikelele-siseko equalization ka-izibonelelo - victim kufuneka kuhlaziywa ukuba urhulumente ukuba existed phambi ukwaphulwa komthetho wakhe malungelo okanye umdla, kodwa lowo abamele ukufumana inzuzo njengoko ngenxa imbuyekezo kuye enjalo kwenzakala. Kwi-inkqubo ukuseka ubungakanani elifanelekileyo imbuyekezo, abachopheli-senzo luthathela ingqalelo enjalo nokubonisa: physical kwembandezelo ye-victim (ezikhethekileyo, ukujikeleza ukuba intlungu, uhlobo bodily injury, ixesha unyango kwaye zoko), mental kwembandezelo (zoko, distortions ka-inkangeleko, ubudala, malunga nenkqubo yolawulo olumanyanisiweyo imfuza ka-siqhubeke edlulileyo umsebenzi, iqondo ukwazisa le ubunzima omnye ke, indawo, isiphithiphithi kuba elimfiliba ka-usapho, malunga nenkqubo yolawulo olumanyanisiweyo imfuza ka-preserving oyedwa qualities ka-oyedwa (talents, inclinations), ezikhethekileyo mental vulnerability, propensity ukuba amava), iqondo i-fault ye-causer ka-ngokwasemalini, ipropati yakhe isimo, njalo-njalo. Kwi-ukubala isixa-mali ukuhlawulwa kwendlela ngokwasemalini, izixa-mali ka imbuyekezo okokuba baba ngaphambili intended yi-iinkundla ngendlela efanayo iimeko uza kanjalo ukuthathelwa ingqalelo. Kwi-France, apho umthetho-matyala senzo musa umda personal non-ipropati amalungelo immaterial amaxabiso yi-nayiphina uluhlu kwaye vumela ukuhlawulwa kwendlela umonakalo kwi-i-unlimited inani iimeko, inkundla satisfies amabango ukuhlawulwa kwendlela ngokwasemalini, likhokelwa iimfuno zobulungisa. Oku kuthetha ukuba umgwebi ayisayi jonga ukuquka okuzenzekelayo izibalo kwaye uthathe ingqalelo zonke shades ka-budlelwane nabanye asele kakhulu kunzima qwalasela ubunzima, ngoko ke naliphi na isigqibo uza inevitably kuba ngokuzithandela. Kuya kanjalo ixhomekeke unxulumano ukuba ikhona phakathi umntu iimeko kwendlela umonakalo kwaye ukuba imbuyekezo ukuba unako ngokungathanga ngqo alleviate imeko victim. I-commonality ye-nezomthetho ka-England ne-United States wenza similarities kwi-iindlela isisombululo ingxaki of isixa-mali ukuhlawulwa mental kwenzakala. Matyala senzo tested iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukusombulula lo mba Kwezinye enkundleni izigqibo, yethutyana indlela wenziwe ukuba isicelo eso, apho icinga ukuba acuteness ka-perception ka-isiphithiphithi kwaye intlungu get softens ngokuhamba kwexesha.
I-essence ngomnye indlela kukuba 'iindleko' kwembandezelo kufuneka assessed usebenzisa 'kwimakethi' imida: umzekelo, kuyimfuneko ukufumana phandle kuba yintoni na isixa-mali imali umntu uya kuvuma ukuba voluntarily siphile lo msebenzi intlungu, yabela le mali njengoko imbuyekezo.
Enye indlela lusekelwe uvavanyo ilahleko wobomi prospects: kuya lubalwa khona malunga nama-kangakanani ubomi expectancy ye-victim ngu okunokwenzeka ukuphumela kule unxulumano kunye impilo umonakalo wenza kuye kwi-uthelekiso nge-avareji ubomi expectancy kweli lizwe.
Le ndlela ayiyo asetyenziswa iimeko injury ukuba abantwana ngenxa yabo ubomi isimo alifumanisanga ihamba kakuhle kanti. Kwi-isemthethweni uluncwadi, phawula ngaphandle ezintathu jikelele theoretical iindlela isisombululo ka umbuzo of isixa-mali ukuhlawulwa mental kwenzakala ukuba bakhulisa kwi-Anglo-Plt-matyala senzo - conceptual, personal kwaye lwempahla ethengiswa. I-essence ye-conceptual indlela ufumana ukuze yenze imisebenzi i-analogy kunye umonakalo kwipropati: umntu ke ubomi sibonwa kuba kanjalo ipropati Imisebenzi umzimba - efanayo njengoko amaxabiso, umzekelo, indlu, izahlulo, njalo-njalo. Ngoko ke, wonke yinxalenye umzimba sele i-eyona njongo ixabiso, kwaye ukuba kuya kwenzeka ilahlekile okanye yonakele, kuya kufuneka zibuyiselwe (kunye imali, ehambelana ukuba amaxabiso enako acquired ngabo). Senzo usebenza i-ebizwa-'werhafu indlela', ngokunxulumene apho isixa-mali imbuyekezo kuxhomekeke ubuhlungu ye-injury. Njalo, umzekelo, ilahleko ye-iliso ngu eliqikelelwa faka umgca ngaphantsi, isalathisi umnwe e -faka umgca ngaphantsi, injury ye-jaw e -faka umgca ngaphantsi, njalo-njalo. Engilane, kukho ebizwa-werhafu scheme ka-imbuyekezo, nto leyo isetyenziswe yikomishoni kwi ukuhlawulwa kwenzakala yintsholongwane i-ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukusukela ngowe. Oku scheme compensates kuba yesitalato okanye mental kwenzakala enxulumene ne-violent yolwaphulo-mthetho, oko kukhokelele a nciphisa ebomini umsebenzi: xa usebenza umthamo, ukufunda nako, severance loluntu noqhagamshelwano, mental-ngqondweni nezinye (kuquka biological) monakalo oluntu umzimba ukuba limited yakhe sasemzini kwi-imisebenzi enxulumene loluntu ubomi. Zonke iintlobo umonakalo zaphukile phantsi kwi werhafu scheme kuba amabini anesihlanu ke ngoko kunye enye imbuyekezo mali kwi-iqela ngalinye. Ubuncinane isixa-mali imbuyekezo kwimeko a ixesha mental (yeemvakalelo zakho) isiphithiphithi kwaye ngqondweni ukusuka ezintandathu ukuya elinesithandathu kwiiveki ngu elinamakhulu unit-format isilivere. Oyedwa specificities ngamnye kunjalo, kwimeko usebenzisa le scheme ingaba sukuyihoya. Lwesiqu indlela kukuba ubunzulu amava yintsholongwane umonakalo kwi-health kuxhomekeke iimpawu i-psyche ye-victim. Ke ngoko, injongo imbuyekezo kukuba nokuwuzalisa ngendlela ethile indlela ilahleko ithuba ukuze bonwabele ubomi kwi-nokwexesha elizayo (ilahleko ye ulonwabo).
Kubalulekile obvious ukuba isixa-mali imbuyekezo phantsi imiqathango enjalo izimisele arbitrarily.
Lwempahla ethengiswa indlela kuthetha impossibility ukuseka 'ixabiso' ulonwabo, kwaye ke ngoko, kuya sibonwa ukuba inkundla kufuneka kweelwimi i-claimant a sum ukuba ingaba kwanela yanelisa kuye. Kunjalo, ngaphezu iindlela musa exhaust amava of British iinkundla kunye NATHI iinkundla, ngenxa yokuba ngamnye uhlobo tort isemthethweni budlelwane sele ethile, iimpawu.
A kuyimfuneko imeko eyimali kuba mental kwenzakala kule isemthethweni ndlela le ebizwa-'inxaxheba kukawonke-wonke' ye-victim ukuba lo msitho, causer ka-ngokwasemalini, oko kukuthi, ukusekwa kwe-i-ngqo causal unxulumano phakathi enjalo kwenzakala kwaye mthethweni umthetho we-defendant.
Ngokwaneleyo engqongqo nkqubo ingaba isetyenziswe yi-iinkundla kunye ngokunxulumene-siseko predictability ye-radio ka-mental ngokwasemalini, nto enye iimeko kuba kokuhluma ka-ilungelo imbuyekezo.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ibango kuba imbuyekezo yabasebenzi mental (kwendlela) kwenzakala ayikho rhoqo nomcimbi neenkqubo zomthetho iingxoxo.
Iselwa rhoqo umntu othe wenza umonakalo kwaye victim ukusombulula lo mba ngaphandle wenkundla.
Njengokuba elokugqibela, mna cinga oko kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa amava langaphandle amazwe, ukususela kwi-ezininzi kwaphuhliswa amazwe (i-America, i-United States, France, Ijamani, njl.
njl.) iimeko ukuhlawulwa kwendlela kwenzakala zithe mbasa kuba phezu eminyaka, kwaye ukususela kwixesha legalization ukuhlawulwa kwendlela kwenzakala kwi-Ukraine alifumanisanga sele ukuba ixesha elide kwi-uthelekiso kunye namanye amazwe. Oku kuza luncedo kuba uphuhliso imbuyekezo kwendlela kwenzakala kweli lizwe lethu kwaye kuza kuba negalelo ekuphuculeni umgangatho we-okukhusela amalungelo nenkululeko guaranteed ngumgaqo-Siseko ka-Ukraine. Disclaimer: Xa wonke umzamo omkhulu wenziwe made ukuqinisekisa kuchaneka le upapasho, ayinjalo intended ukubonelela isemthethweni ingcebiso njengoko umntu kwiimeko uza differ kwaye kufuneka uxoxwa angeliso ingcali kwaye okanye lawyer.
