I-Federal Inkundla ngu ephezulu inkundla kwi-Malaysia
Ezomthetho ka-Malaysia ngu largely centralized nangona Malaysia ke federal-siseko, heavily influenced yi-isixhosa ongabhalwanga phantsi kwaye omkhulu ngakumbi kangakanani Islamic umthethoKukho ngokubanzi iindidi ezimbini iimvavanyo, ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye zasekuhlaleni. Legunya eenkundla iqala kwi Noomantyi' Enkundleni, Iiseshoni Kwinkundla ephakamileyo, Kwinkundla ephakamileyo, Kwinkundla ephakamileyo Isibheno, kwaye ekugqibeleni, Federal Inkundla. Kolawulo iinkundla kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho imicimbi ingaba equlethwe kule Subordinate Iinkundla Umthetho wama- kwaye Iinkundla ka-Judicature Umthetho wama. Inqaku -Siseko unika ezimbini Iinkundla Eziphezulu ka-co-ordinate kwimimandla ephantsi kolawulo lwesixeko, Kwinkundla ephakamileyo kwi-Malaya, kwaye ephakamileyo kwi-Sabah kwaye Sarawak. Ngoko ke, le nto yenza ezimbini ezahlukeneyo wobulali kolawulo iinkundla - kuba Peninsular Malaysia kwaye kuba Mpuma Malaysia.
Owona indawo ezomthetho ka-Malaysia ngu Eyintloko ye-Federal Inkundla Malaysia (eyaziwa njenge wenkundla yezomgaqo-siseko ka-Malaysia), yalandela Ngumongameli Wenkundla ka-Isibheno, Umgwebi Oyintloko we Malaya, kwaye Oyintloko Yenkundla Sabah kwaye Sarawak.
I-superior iinkundla ingaba Kwinkundla ephakamileyo, Kwinkundla ephakamileyo Isibheno, kwaye Federal Inkundla, xa Iinkundla zoomantyi kwaye Iiseshoni Iinkundla zahlulwa njengoko subordinate iinkundla. Ngoku Umongameli wenkundla Federal Inkundla ngobuchule elinanye julayi ngu Tan Esri Ngurichard Mulanje, Umongameli Wenkundla ka-Isibheno ngu Tan Esri Dato' Esri Ahmad Bin Haji Marol, Umgwebi Oyintloko we Malaya ngu Tan Esri Zahra Ibrahim. Ngoku Eyintloko Yenkundla Sabah kwaye Sarawak ngu Ubulungisa Datuk Udavide Wong Onzulu Wah. Kukho ezintathu iinkundla kunye ezahlukeneyo kolawulo lwesixeko ngaphakathi yintoni laziwa Superior Inkundla. Zinikwa i-Federal Inkundla: ephezulu inkundla elizweni, Isibheno Kwinkundla ephakamileyo, Kwinkundla ephakamileyo ka-Malaya kwaye ephakamileyo ka-Sabah kwaye Sarawak. Ngamnye ufumana namakhaya nge federal umgwebi ngokuba Eyintloko ye-Federal Inkundla, Umongameli wenkundla Isibheno Kwinkundla kwaye Eyintloko Yenkundla Iinkundla Eziphezulu ka-Malaya kwaye Sabah kwaye Sarawak ngokulandelelana. I-Federal Inkundla nokuva nezibheno ka-zasekuhlaleni izigqibo Wenkundla ka-Isibheno apho Federal Inkundla izibonelelo shiya ukwenza njalo. I-Federal Inkundla kanjalo uyayiva, ulwaphulo-mthetho nezibheno ukusuka Kwinkundla Isibheno, kodwa kuphela ngokubhekiselele imicimbi weva ngelizwi ephakamileyo yakhe yoqobo kolawulo lwesixeko (mna. apho ityala alifumanisanga sele appealed ukususela Subordinate Iinkundla). Inkundla ka-Isibheno ngokubanzi uyayiva zonke zasekuhlaleni nezibheno ngokuchasene izigqibo Obukhulu Iinkundla ngaphandle kokuba apho isigwebo ngokuchasene okanye ii-odolo ezenziwe nge imvume. Kwilixa apho ibango incinane kune RM, isigwebo okanye umyalelo relates iindleko kuphela, kwaye isibheno ngu ngokuchasene isigqibo ijaji kwi-chambers kwi-i-interpleader summons kwi undisputed iinyaniso, ishiye i-Inkundla Isibheno kufuneka kuqala zafunyanwa. Inkundla ka-Isibheno kanjalo uyayiva nezibheno, ulwaphulo-mthetho izigqibo Wenkundla ephakamileyo.
Kubalulekile inkundla zokugqibela kolawulo lwesixeko kuba iimeko apho waqalisa nawuphi na subordinate iinkundla.
Isibini Iinkundla Eziphezulu kwi-Malaysia kuba jikelele supervisory kwaye revisionary kolawulo lwesixeko phezu kwabo bonke Subordinate Iinkundla, kwaye kolawulo lwesixeko ukuva nezibheno ukususela Subordinate Iinkundla kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni kwaye, ulwaphulo-mthetho imicimbi. I-Iinkundla Eziphezulu kuba unlimited zasekuhlaleni kwimimandla ephantsi kolawulo lwesixeko, kwaye ngokubanzi kuva iintshukumo apho ibango exceeds RM, engelilo iintshukumo involving isithuthi neengozi, landlord kwaye tenant disputes nakudandatheko. Kwinkundla ephakamileyo ke nive yonke imiba enxulumene: Iinkundla Eziphezulu kuba unlimited kolawulo lwesixeko kuzo zonke, ulwaphulo-mthetho imicimbi engelilo imicimbi involving Islamic umthetho.
I-Iinkundla Eziphezulu kuba yoqobo kolawulo lwesixeko kwi-mthetho iimeko punishable yi-ukufa.
Iimeko ingaba weva ngelizwi enye umgwebi kwi-ephakamileyo, okanye nge-matyala commissioner. Ngexesha ephakamileyo lwabagwebi bonwabele ukhuseleko ka-umhlaba, abachopheli-abakomishinala bonyulwa kuba ithuba emibini, kwaye musa bonwabele efanayo umyalelo wokhuselo phantsi komgaqo-Siseko. I-Iinkundla zoomantyi kwaye Iiseshoni Iinkundla kwi-Malaysia kuba amandla ukulawula kunye, ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye zasekuhlaleni imicimbi.
Noko na owayesakuba Kwikota Iiseshoni Engilane, kodwa akakwazi zingaphezu RM, njengoko kuchaziwe ss (b) (b), Subordinate Iinkundla Umthetho wama- (SAC).
I-okukodwa nangona kunjalo kwi imicimbi enxulumene isithuthi neengozi, landlord kwaye tenant nakudandatheko, apho Iiseshoni Iinkundla kufuneka unlimited kolawulo lwesixeko pursuant ukuba s (a)SAC. Kanjalo, yi-ngenxa s SAC, amaqela a isemthethweni intshukumo babe angene kwisivumelwano ngokubhaliweyo ukuba isibonelelo kolawulo lwesixeko ukuba Iiseshoni Kwinkundla zama isenzo yayo ngaphaya emiselwe olukhawulezileyo lwemali kolawulo lwesixeko aforesaid.
Noomantyi ingaba umahlule kwi First Class anesibini-Iklasi Noomantyi, owokuqala ekubeni ngokusemthethweni umntu kwaye ekubeni ngakumbi amagunya.
Yesibini Iklasi Noomantyi ingaba ngoku hayi ngokuqhelekileyo eziqeshiweyo.
Kwi-mthetho imicimbi, Kuqala Uhlobo Iinkundla zoomantyi ngokubanzi kuba namandla zama zonke offences apho ubukhulu ithuba nokuvalelwa akusebenzi zingaphezu iminyaka elishumi, okanye eziya punishable kunye kakuhle kuphela, kodwa abavumelekanga ukuba okokuba izivakalisi ka-hayi ngaphezulu kweminyaka emine nokuvalelwa, kulungile kutsho kwi-RM, okanye ukuya kwi-elinesibini lababethi ye-cane phantsi kwecandelo lama- Subordinate Inkundla Umthetho wama. I-Noomantyi Iinkundla uve zonke zasekuhlaleni imicimbi kunye ngaphantsi RM, kwi-imbambano. I-Iinkundla zoomantyi kanjalo kuva nezibheno ukususela Penghulu ke Iinkundla. isiphelo inkundla a penghulu, okanye Isimalay dolophana intloko, inamandla kuva zasekuhlaleni imiba apho ibango akusebenzi zingaphezu RM, apho amaqela ingaba i-Asian ngokobuhlanga kwaye kuthetha kwaye baqonde Isimalay ulwimi. I-Penghulu Inkundla ke, ulwaphulo-mthetho kolawulo lwesixeko ngu limited ukuba offences a encinci indalo ibe igcwalisiwe ngokuchasene umntu Asian ugqatso nto specially enumerated wakhe warrant, oko kusenokuba wayesohlwaywa nge kulungile na ukudlula RM. Kwi-Sabah kwaye Sarawak, kukho akukho Penghulus' Ezinkundleni, kodwa kukho endaweni S Iinkundla benomoya ophantsi kolawulo kwi imiba s umthetho kwaye yesiko. Inkundla kuba Abantwana, ngaphambili yaziwa njenge Juvenile Inkundla, uyayiva iimeko involving minors ngaphandle kokuba iimeko oqhuba kokufa esangezelelweyo, eziya weva kwi-Iinkundla Eziphezulu endaweni. Iimeko kuba abantwana mayelana Umntwana Umthetho wama. Akhethekileyo Inkundla yamiselwa kwi- ukuya kuva iimeko offences okanye wrongdoings eyenziwe Ngumlawuli. Umlawuli ibandakanya Yang di-Pertain Aging (Ukumkani), sultans ka-monarchical states ngowe-Malaysia, Yang di-Petrus Negeri, kwaye Yang di-Pertain Ubungqina, mna. e. intloko states of Malaysia yayo, ingxenye states Phambi koku, Umlawuli waba immune ukusuka na iingxoxo azisa ngokuchasene nabo kwi-zabo personal umthamo. Farida Begum imali Abdullah v Ahmad Shah wayengowokuqala meko ukuba kuviwa kule inkundla. Kukho ezimeleneyo inkqubo karhulumente Syariah Iinkundla ngokudlulela limited kolawulo lwesixeko phezu imiba urhulumente Islamic (sharia) umthetho. I-Syariah Iinkundla kufuneka kolawulo lwesixeko kuphela phezu imicimbi involving Muslims kwaye unako ngokubanzi kuphela okokuba izivakalisi ka-hayi ngaphezulu kwiminyaka emithathu nokuvalelwa, kulungile kutsho kwi-RM, kwaye okanye phezulu isithandathu lababethi ye i-cane.
Ukuqeshwa Eyintloko ilawulwa ngumthetho Inqaku B-Siseko ka-Malaysia apho Yang di-Pertain Aging (Ukumkani) amisele Eyintloko ngokucetyiswa Prime Umphathiswa Malaysia, emva kokubonisana Kwenkomfa Abalawuli.
Njengoko kuba idinga Ngumongameli Wenkundla ka-Isibheno, Umgwebi Oyintloko we Malaya, Umgwebi Oyintloko we Sabah kwaye Sarawak, nezinye Federal Inkundla lwabagwebi, inkqubo efanayo senziwe kunye ezongezelelweyo yokuba zilawulwe ka-luhlomle kuwo kunye Eyintloko.
I-ukuqeshwa Inkundla Isibheno lwabagwebi kanjalo governed yi-efanayo nemigaqo-nkqubo kunye ezongezelelweyo yokuba zilawulwe kuba luhlomle kuwo Ngumongameli Wenkundla ka-Isibheno.
Njengoko kuba ukuqeshwa ephakamileyo lwabagwebi, efanayo nemigaqo-nkqubo ingaba emiselwe kunye ezongezelelweyo yokuba zilawulwe ka-luhlomle kuwo kunye zahlukeneyo Abaziintloko. I-ukuqeshwa Iiseshoni Inkundla lwabagwebi ilawulwa ngumthetho Lama- lomthetho Subordinate Inkundla Umthetho wama. Baya kutyunjwa yi-Yang di-Pertain Aging phezu ingcebiso zahlukeneyo Abaziintloko. Icandelo lama- ye-Subordinate Iinkundla Umthetho wama- umisela ukuba ukuqeshwa noomantyi zenziwa yi-zahlukeneyo siteyiti urhulumente phezu ingcebiso zahlukeneyo Abaziintloko, ngaphandle kokuba kuba noomantyi kwi-Federal Territory, apho baya kutyunjwa yi-Yang di-Pertain Aging phezu ingcebiso Komgwebi Oyintloko.
